Pollination And Breeding System Of Canna Paniculata (cannaceae) In A Montane Atlantic Rainforest: Asymmetric Dependence On A Hermit Hummingbird

We studied the pollination biology of Canna paniculata (Cannaceae), a plant species common in the Atlantic Rainforest of southeastern Brazil. The species presents specialized ornithophilous flowers, which in our study area are solely pollinated by the hermit hummingbird Phaethornis eurynome. Although C. paniculata is capable of bearing fruit after self-pollination, it requires pollinators for reproduction. We discuss the importance of hermit hummingbirds for the reproduction of specialized ornithophilous plants such as C. paniculata, including their asymmetric dependence on hermit hummingbirds - core pollinators in Neotropical forest ecosystems.291157160Cronk, Q., Ojeda, I., Bird-pollinated flowers in an evolutionary and molecular context (2008) Journal of Experimental Botany, 59, pp. 715-727Glinos, E., Cocucci, A.A., Pollination biology of Canna indica (Cannaceae) with particular reference to the functional morphology of the style (2011) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 291, pp. 49-58Justino, D.G., Maruyama, P.K., Oliveira, P.E., Floral resource availability and hummingbird territorial behaviour on a Neotropical savanna shrub (2012) Journal of Ornithology, 153, pp. 189-197Kay, K.M., Schemske, D.W., Pollinator assemblages and visitation rates for 11 species of Neotropical Costus (Costaceae) (2003) Biotropica, 35, pp. 198-207Maruyama, P.K., Oliveira, G.M., Ferreira, C., Dalsgaard, B., Oliveira, P.E., Pollination syndromes ignored: Importance of non-ornithophilous flowers to Neotropical savanna hummingbirds (2013) Naturwissenschaften, 100, pp. 1061-1068Maruyama, P.K., Vizentin-Bugoni, J., Oliveira, G.M., Oliveira, P.E., Dalsgaard, B., Morphological and spatio-temporal mismatches shape a Neotropical savanna plant-hummingbird network (2014) Biotropica, 46, pp. 740-747Matallana, G., Godinho, M.A.S., Guilherme, F.A.G., Belisario, M., Coser, T.S., Wendt, T., Breeding systems of Bromeliaceae species: Evolution of selfing in the context of sympatric occurrence (2010) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 289, pp. 57-67McGuire, J.A., Witt, C.C., Remsen, J.V., Jr., Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds (2014) Current Biology, 24, pp. 910-916Prince, L.M., Phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in Canna (Cannaceae) (2010) Diversity, phylogeny, and evolution in the monocotyledons, pp. 307-331. , Seberg O, Petersen G, Barfod AS, Davis J. (eds.) Aarhus, Aarhus University PressSakai, S., Kato, M., Inoue, T., Three pollination guilds and variation in floral characteristics of Bornean gingers (Zingiberaceae and Costaceae) (1999) American Journal of Botany, 86, pp. 646-658Sazima, I., Buzato, S., Sazima, M., The saw-billed hermit Ramphodon naevius and its flowers in southeastern Brazil (1995) Journal of Ornithology, 136, pp. 195-206Schmidt-Lebuhn, A.N., Kessler, M., Hensen, I., Hummingbirds as drivers of plant speciation? (2007) Trends in Plant Science, 12, pp. 329-331Stiles, F.G., Ecology, flowering phenology, and hummingbird pollination of some Costa Rican Heliconia species (1975) Ecology, 56, pp. 285-301Vizentin-Bugoni, J., Maruyama, P.K., Sazima, M., Processes entangling interactions in communities: Forbidden links are more important than abundance in a hummingbird-plant network (2014) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281Wolowski, M., Saad, C.F., Ashman, T.L., Freitas, L., Predominance of selfcompatibility in hummingbird-pollinated plants in the Neotropics (2013) Naturwissenschaften, 100, pp. 69-7

Niche and neutral processes leave distinct structural imprints on indirect interactions in mutualistic networks

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordData availability: All data used in this analysis are publicly available from https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dncjsxkw2 (Sonne et al., 2020a, 2020b)Indirect interactions are central to ecological and evolutionary dynamics in pollination communities, yet we have little understanding about the processes determining patterns of indirect interactions, such as those between pollinators through shared flowering plants. Instead, research has concentrated on the processes responsible for direct interactions and whole-network structures. This is partly due to a lack of appropriate tools for characterising indirect interaction structures, because traditional network metrics discard much of this information. The recent development of tools for counting motifs (subnetworks depicting interactions between a small number of species) in bipartite networks enable detailed analysis of indirect interaction patterns. Here we generate plant-hummingbird pollination networks based on three major assembly processes – neutral effects (species interacting in proportion to abundance), morphological matching and phenological overlap – and evaluate the motifs associated with each one. We find that different processes produce networks with significantly different patterns of indirect interactions. Neutral effects tend to produce densely-connected motifs, with short indirect interaction chains, and motifs where many specialists interact indirectly through a single generalist. Conversely, niche-based processes (morphology and phenology) produced motifs with a core of interacting generalists, supported by peripheral specialists. These results have important implications for understanding the processes determining indirect interaction structures.Royal Commission 1851Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Danish National Research Foundatio

Interações Planta-polinizador Em Vegetação De Altitude Na Mata Atlântica

Tropical high-altitude vegetation is unique due to susceptibility to severe weather conditions in relation to lower formations, and by the peculiarity of its flora with many relictual components. Studies on plant-pollinator interactions in high-altitude rocky outcrops and forests of the Atlantic Forest are scarce, but compilation of information allows us to identify some patterns: low frequency of visits, high floral longevity and generalized pollination system. In tropical mountain ecosystems, the degree of generalization of pollination systems in functional (pollinator groups) and ecological (number of species) terms tends to be high, mainly due to the over-representation of certain plant taxa (e.g., Asteraceae in rocky outcrops and Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Sapindaceae in montane forests). Generalized pollination systems and autogamy may be advantageous for tropical high-altitude plants due to the more severe weather conditions (e.g., low temperature), which decrease abundance and limit the activity of pollinators, resulting in lower visitation frequency. Nevertheless, some well represented groups in forests, such as orchids and plants pollinated by hummingbirds and bats, exemplify cases of higher functional specialization, as well as plants with poricidal anthers pollinated by bees in the high-altitude grasslands. However, in rocky outcrops, for some functional groups of pollinators (e.g., hummingbirds, bats, beetles and hawkmoths), the availability of resources does not allow the maintenance of all species throughout the year, favoring possible local or altitudinal migrations. Thus, rocky outcrops and high-altitude forests constitute a unit in the sense of sustaining the pollinator community. Indeed rocky outcrops and high-altitude forests share an evolutionary history at the regional scale since they passed through similar events of expansion and retraction in response to climate changes in the Quaternary. This could explain the complementarity between the two types of vegetation in the use of floral resources by pollinators. Besides the associations identified here, the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator interactions in high-altitude vegetation of the Atlantic Forest remain poorly understood, making urgent the development of an integrative research program, as well as projects on issues related to climate change and biodiversity conservation. © 2016, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). All rights reserved.20272

The macroecology of phylogenetically structured hummingbird-plant networks

Aim To investigate the association between species richness, species' phylogenetic signal, insularity and historical and current climate with hummingbird-plant network structure. Location 54 communities along a c. 10,000 kilometer latitudinal gradient across the Americas (39ºN - 32ºS), ranging from sea level to c. 3700 m asl, located on the mainland and on islands, and covering a wide range of climate regimes. Methods We measured null-modeled corrected complementary specialization and bipartite modularity (compartmentalization) in networks of quantitative interactions between hummingbird and plant species. Using an ordinary least squares multi-model approach, we examined the influence of species richness, phylogenetic signal, insularity, and current and historical climate conditions on network structure. Results Phylogenetically-related species, especially plants, showed a tendency to interact with a similar array of partners. The spatial variation in network structure exhibited a constant association with species' phylogeny (R2=0.18-0.19). Species richness and environmental factors showed the strongest associations with network structure (R2=0.20-0.44; R2138 =0.32-0.45, respectively). Specifically, higher levels of complementary specialization and modularity were associated to species-rich communities and communities in which closely-related hummingbirds visited distinct sets of flowering species. On the mainland, warmer temperatures and higher historical temperature stability associated to higher levels of complementary specialization. Main conclusions Previous macroecological studies of interaction networks have highlighted the importance of environment and species richness in determining network structure. Here, for the first time, we report an association between species phylogenetic signal and network structure at macroecological scale. Specifically, null model corrected complementary specialization and modularity exhibited a positive association with species richness and a negative association with hummingbird phylogenetic signal, indicating that both high richness and high inter-specific competition among closely-related 150 hummingbirds exhibit important relationships with specialization in hummingbird-plant networks. Our results document how species richness, phylogenetic signal and climate associate with network structure in complex ways at macroecological scale

Ecological mechanisms explaining interactions within plant–hummingbird networks: morphological matching increases towards lower latitudes

No embargoInteractions between species are influenced by different ecological mechanisms, such as morphological matching, phenological overlap and species abundances. How these mechanisms explain interaction frequencies across environmental gradients remains poorly understood. Consequently, we also know little about the mechanisms that drive the geographical patterns in network structure, such as complementary specialization and modularity. Here, we use data on morphologies, phenologies and abundances to explain interaction frequencies between hummingbirds and plants at a large geographical scale. For 24 quantitative networks sampled throughout the Americas, we found that the tendency of species to interact with morphologically matching partners contributed to specialized and modular network structures. Morphological matching best explained interaction frequencies in networks found closer to the equator and in areas with low-temperature seasonality. When comparing the three ecological mechanisms within networks, we found that both morphological matching and phenological overlap generally outperformed abundances in the explanation of interaction frequencies. Together, these findings provide insights into the ecological mechanisms that underlie geographical patterns in resource specialization. Notably, our results highlight morphological constraints on interactions as a potential explanation for increasing resource specialization towards lower latitudes.</jats:p

Processes Entangling Interactions In Communities: Forbidden Links Are More Important Than Abundance In A Hummingbird-plant Network.

Understanding the relative importance of multiple processes on structuring species interactions within communities is one of the major challenges in ecology. Here, we evaluated the relative importance of species abundance and forbidden links in structuring a hummingbird-plant interaction network from the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil. Our results show that models incorporating phenological overlapping and morphological matches were more accurate in predicting the observed interactions than models considering species abundance. This means that forbidden links, by imposing constraints on species interactions, play a greater role than species abundance in structuring the ecological network. We also show that using the frequency of interaction as a proxy for species abundance and network metrics to describe the detailed network structure might lead to biased conclusions regarding mechanisms generating network structure. Together, our findings suggest that species abundance can be a less important driver of species interactions in communities than previously thought.28117802013239

Processes entangling interactions in communities: forbidden links are more important than abundance in a hummingbird-plant network

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Understanding the relative importance of multiple processes on structuring species interactions within communities is one of the major challenges in ecology. Here, we evaluated the relative importance of species abundance and forbidden links in structuring a hummingbird-plant interaction network from the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil. Our results show that models incorporating phenological overlapping and morphological matches were more accurate in predicting the observed interactions than models considering species abundance. This means that forbidden links, by imposing constraints on species interactions, play a greater role than species abundance in structuring the ecological network. We also show that using the frequency of interaction as a proxy for species abundance and network metrics to describe the detailed network structure might lead to biased conclusions regarding mechanisms generating network structure. Together, our findings suggest that species abundance can be a less important driver of species interactions in communities than previously thought.2811780Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Faepex-UnicampConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Nectar Robbery By A Hermit Hummingbird: Association To Floral Phenotype And Its Influence On Flowers And Network Structure

Interactions between flowers and their visitors span the spectrum from mutualism to antagonism. The literature is rich in studies focusing on mutualism, but nectar robbery has mostly been investigated using phytocentric approaches focused on only a few plant species. To fill this gap, we studied the interactions between a nectar-robbing hermit hummingbird, Phaethornis ruber, and the array of flowers it visits. First, based on a literature review of the interactions involving P. ruber, we characterized the association of floral larceny to floral phenotype. We then experimentally examined the effects of nectar robbing on nectar standing crop and number of visits of the pollinators to the flowers of Canna paniculata. Finally, we asked whether the incorporation of illegitimate interactions into the analysis affects plant–hummingbird network structure. We identified 97 plant species visited by P. ruber and found that P. ruber engaged in floral larceny in almost 30 % of these species. Nectar robbery was especially common in flowers with longer corolla. In terms of the effect on C. paniculata, the depletion of nectar due to robbery by P. ruber was associated with decreased visitation rates of legitimate pollinators. At the community level, the inclusion of the illegitimate visits of P. ruber resulted in modifications of how modules within the network were organized, notably giving rise to a new module consisting of P. ruber and mostly robbed flowers. However, although illegitimate visits constituted approximately 9 % of all interactions in the network, changes in nestedness, modularity, and network-level specialization were minor. Our results indicate that although a flower robber may have a strong effect on the pollination of a particular plant species, the inclusion of its illegitimate interactions has limited capacity to change overall network structure

Morphological And Spatio-temporal Mismatches Shape A Neotropical Savanna Plant-hummingbird Network

Complex networks of species interactions might be determined by species traits but also by simple chance meetings governed by species abundances. Although the idea that species traits structure mutualistic networks is appealing, most studies have found abundance to be a major structuring mechanism underlying interaction frequencies. With a well-resolved plant-hummingbird interaction network from the Neotropical savanna in Brazil, we asked whether species morphology, phenology, nectar availability and habitat occupancy and/or abundance best predicted the frequency of interactions. For this, we constructed interaction probability matrices and compared them to the observed plant-hummingbird matrix through a likelihood approach. Furthermore, a recently proposed modularity algorithm for weighted bipartite networks was employed to evaluate whether these factors also scale-up to the formation of modules in the network. Interaction frequencies were best predicted by species morphology, phenology and habitat occupancy, while species abundances and nectar availability performed poorly. The plant-hummingbird network was modular, and modules were associated to morphological specialization and habitat occupancy. Our findings highlight the importance of traits as determinants of interaction frequencies and network structure, corroborating the results of a previous study on a plant-hummingbird network from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Thus, we propose that traits matter more in tropical plant-hummingbird networks than in less specialized systems. To test the generality of this hypothesis, future research could employ geographic or taxonomic cross-system comparisons contrasting networks with known differences in level of specialization.466740747Altshuler, D.L., Stiles, F.G., Dudley, R., Of hummingbirds and helicopters: Hovering costs, competitive ability, and foraging strategies (2004) Am. 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